植物萜类化合物生物合成及其功能研究进展

doi:10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

萜类化合物作为关键的次生代谢产物，参与植物在逆境胁迫下的抗氧化、信号传递及气孔运动等生理过程，在植物逆境响应中扮演着重要角色。它们不仅可以直接参与植物的防御机制，还能够作为信号分子调节植物间的相互作用，影响植物群体的适应性和稳定性。由于广泛的生物活性，萜类化合物在食品、医药和化妆品等行业中得到了广泛应用。随着合成生物技术的发展，萜类化合物研究将变得更加多样化且充满挑战，应用前景也将更加广阔。该文综合分析了植物中萜类化合物的生物合成途径及其生理生态功能，旨在深化对植物逆境适应策略的理解，为植物抗逆性研究提供参考，并为可持续农业和医药健康产业发展提供新途径。

关键词: 萜类化合物, 生物合成, 逆境, 抗逆性

Abstract:

Terpenoids， as key secondary metabolites， are involved in physiological processes such as antioxidation， signaling， and stomatal movement in plants under adversity stress， and play an important role in plant adversity response. They can not only directly participate in plant defense mechanisms， but also act as signaling molecules to regulate plant-plant interactions and influence the adaptability and stability of plant communities. Due to their wide range of biological activities， terpenoids have been widely used in the food， pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. With the development of synthetic biotechnology， the research field of terpenoids will become more diversified and challenging， and their applications will be more promising. This review comprehensively analyzed the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids and their physiological and ecological functions in plants， aiming to deepen the understanding of the adaptive strategies of plants to adversity， to provide reference for the study of plant resistance， and to provide a new approach for the development of sustainable agriculture and pharmaceutical and health industries.

Key words: terpenoids, biosynthesis, adversity, resistance

中图分类号:

Q945

薛永常, 王贺贤, 赵娣, 郭静, 李澳. 植物萜类化合物生物合成及其功能研究进展[J]. 植物研究, 2025, 45(4): 479-490.

Yongchang XUE, Hexian WANG, Di ZHAO, Jing GUO, Ao LI. Research Progress on the Biosynthesis and Functions of Plant Terpenoids[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2025, 45(4): 479-490.

图/表 4

图1

表1

表2

植物萜类化合物的生理功能

萜类化合物

Terpenoids

来源

Source

功能

Functions

诺卡酮^［41］

Nootkatone

阿拉斯加黄雪松

Cupressus nootkatensis

逆转GABA对果蝇中枢神经系统的阻断作用，引起神经持续兴奋，导致昆虫瘫痪或死亡

Reversing the blocking effect of GABA on the central nervous system of fruit flies，causing persistent neural excitation，leading to paralysis or death of the insects

麝香草酚^［42］

Thymol

墨西哥牛至

Lippia origanoides

抑制线粒体酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性，干扰线粒体电子传递，阻断神经冲动传导

Inhibiting mitochondrial enzyme and acetylcholinesterase activities，interfering with mitochondrial electron transmission，blocking nerve impulse conduction

香芹酚^［42］

Carvacrol

墨西哥牛至

Lippia origanoides

抑制线粒体酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性，干扰线粒体电子传递，阻断神经冲动传导

Inhibiting mitochondrial enzyme and acetylcholinesterase activities，interfering with mitochondrial electron transmission， blocking nerve impulse conduction

棉酚^［43］

Gossypol

棉花

Gossypium spp.

醛基团能够与蛋白质的氨基酸残基形成席夫碱式交联结构，抑制其活性，对植食性昆虫产生毒性

The aldehyde group can form a Schiff base cross-linked structure with the amino acid residues of the protein，inhibit its activity，and produce toxicity to herbivorous insects

杜松烯^［44］

Cadinenes

紫茎泽兰

Eupatorium adenophorum

对甜菜夜蛾表现出强效的拒食活性，并且可以抑制邻近植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长

Showing strong antifeedant activity against Spodoptera exigua and inhibiting seed germination and seedling growth of neighboring plants

反式-β-罗勒烯^［46］

（E）-β-Ocimene

金甲豆

Phaseolus lunatus

引诱捕食性天敌智利小植绥螨取食二斑叶螨

Attracting the predatory natural enemy，the Phytoseiulus persimilis，to feed on the Tetranychus urticae

齐墩果酸^［48］

Oleanolic acid

木樨榄

Olea europaea

破坏病原菌中富含心磷脂的结构，与磷脂酰甘油相互作用，降低细菌膜结构流动性

Destroying cardiolipin-rich structures in pathogenic bacteria and interacting with phosphatidylglycerol to reduce bacterial membrane fluidity

乌索酸^［48］

Ursolic acid

熊果

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

破坏病原菌中富含心磷脂的结构，与磷脂酰甘油相互作用，降低细菌膜结构流动性

Destroying cardiolipin-rich structures in pathogenic bacteria and interacting with phosphatidylglycerol to reduce bacterial membrane fluidity

蒿属内酯^［49］

Artemivestinolide

毛莲蒿

Artemisia vestita

α-亚甲基-γ-丁内酯环的双键与亲核基团发生迈克尔型反应，改变活性位点结构，展现不同的生物效应

The double bond contained in the α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone ring can react with nucleophilic groups in Michael reaction，altering the structure of active sites and exhibiting various biological effects

温郁金宁Q^［50］

Wenyujinin Q

温郁金

Curcuma wenyujin

对芸苔生链格孢等9种病原真菌表现出强效的抑制活性

Showing strong inhibitory activity against nine pathogenic fungi such as Alternaria brassicicola

青蒿素^［52］

Artemisinin

黄花蒿

Artemisia annua

广泛用于疟疾治疗

Widely used in the treatment of malaria

紫杉醇^［53］

Paclitaxel

短叶红豆杉

Taxus brevifolia

用于乳腺癌、卵巢癌和肺癌等多种癌症的治疗

Used in the treatment of various types of cancer，including breast cancer， ovarian cancer，and lung cancer

刺囊酸^［54］

Echinocystic acid

蒙自合欢

Albizia bracteata

广谱抑制埃博拉病毒、马尔堡病毒、流感A病毒及HIV等病毒的感染

Broad-spectrum inhibition of infections by Ebola virus， Marburg virus，influenza A virus，and HIV，among other viruses

白桦脂酸^［54］

Betulinic acid

鼠李科

Rhamnaceae

广谱抑制埃博拉病毒、马尔堡病毒、流感A病毒及HIV等病毒的感染

Broad-spectrum inhibition of infections by Ebola virus，Marburg virus， influenza A virus，and HIV，among other viruses

脱落酸^［55-58］

Abscisic acid

植物激素

Phytohormone

逆境响应激素，盐胁迫下促进气孔闭合，增强抗氧化酶的表达和活性

Stress-responsive hormone that promotes stomatal closure under salt stress and enhances the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes

类胡萝卜素^［59］

Carotenoids

植物色素

Plant pigments

保护叶绿素不受强光的过度伤害

Protecting chlorophyll from excessive damage by strong light

甲基赤藓

糖醇环二磷酸^［62］

Methylerythritol

cyclodiphosphate

甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸途径

Methylerythritol

phosphate pathway

触发氧化应激反应

Triggering oxidative stress response

β-环柠檬醛^［63］

β-Cyclocitral

植物色素

Plant pigments

作为逆行信号激活应激响应核基因的表达

Acting as a retrograde signal to activate the expression of stress-responsive nuclear genes

表2

图2

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