植物研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 636-647.doi: 10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2025.04.015
沈燕1, 唐晓宇2, 唐秀俊3, 罗丽林1, 黄振兴1, 刘曼1()
收稿日期:
2024-12-24
出版日期:
2025-07-20
发布日期:
2025-07-25
通讯作者:
刘曼
E-mail:freemyself516@hotmail.com
作者简介:
沈燕(1996—),女,硕士,研究实习员,主要从事蜜源植物开发利用研究。
基金资助:
Yan SHEN1, Xiaoyu TANG2, Xiujun TANG3, Lilin LUO1, Zhenxing HUANG1, Man LIU1()
Received:
2024-12-24
Online:
2025-07-20
Published:
2025-07-25
Contact:
Man LIU
E-mail:freemyself516@hotmail.com
摘要:
川莓(Rubus setchuenensis)是优质蜜源植物,为了解其泌蜜节律、花蜜腺发育形态特征,在观察记录川莓花部泌蜜特征基础上,通过石蜡切片和扫描电镜分别观察了5个发育时期(幼蕾期、花蕾期、初花期、盛花期及散粉后期)花蜜腺发育形态解剖特征及超微结构。川莓在贵州省湄潭县的开花期为6—11月,花蜜分泌旺盛期为7—9月;单朵花的开花期为3 d,泌蜜期为2 d,单朵花泌蜜总量及含糖总量平均值分别为(30.58±3.60) μL和(7.14±2.33) mg。川莓花蜜腺位于雄蕊基部与子房之间的浅盘状花托内壁上,由表皮、蜜腺薄壁细胞和维管束 3部分组成,依据蜜腺着生位置、解剖结构特征及有无淀粉粒消长变化3个角度划分,川莓花蜜腺分别属于花托蜜腺、结构蜜腺和淀粉型蜜腺。花蜜腺发育始于幼蕾期,表皮气孔始现于花蕾期,原蜜由维管束提供,以淀粉的形式储存于蜜腺细胞中。淀粉粒从幼蕾期开始积累,淀粉粒含量、花蜜腺表皮气孔大小和开口面积及蜜腺厚度等均在初花期达到最大,此时花蜜腺发育成熟,花蜜由蜜腺表皮表面的角质层和气孔泌出,盛花期和散粉后期的淀粉粒几近消失。
中图分类号:
沈燕, 唐晓宇, 唐秀俊, 罗丽林, 黄振兴, 刘曼. 川莓花蜜腺泌蜜节律及发育形态特征[J]. 植物研究, 2025, 45(4): 636-647.
Yan SHEN, Xiaoyu TANG, Xiujun TANG, Lilin LUO, Zhenxing HUANG, Man LIU. Rhythms of Nectar Secretion, Morphological Characteristics of Developmental Floral Nectary in Rubus setchuenensis[J]. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2025, 45(4): 636-647.
表1
川莓开花期的单朵花泌蜜量
时段 Period | 单朵花泌蜜量 Nectar volume /μL | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6月 June | 7月 July | 8月 August | 9月 September | 10月 October | 11月 November | ||
第1天 On the first day | 08:00—09:00 | 13.02±1.07Ab | 14.00±1.01Aa | 13.20±1.15Ab | 13.16±0.87Ab | 8.22±0.95Ac | 8.00±0.86Ad |
13:00—14:00 | 8.00±0.75Bc | 7.05±0.80Be | 11.31±1.08Bb | 12.20±1.06Ba | 7.84±0.80Bc | 7.33±1.20Bd | |
17:00—18:00 | 6.45±0.78Ca | 5.66±0.53Cb | 6.42±0.59Ca | 4.71±0.79Cd | 5.17±0.62Cc | 4.36±0.75Ce | |
第1天合计 Total on the first day | 27.47±0.41 | 26.71±0.21 | 30.93±0.17 | 30.07±0.46 | 21.23±0.80 | 19.69±0.79 | |
第2天 On the second day | 08:00—09:00 | 4.01±0.46Db | 4.46±0.68Da | 3.18±0.43De | 3.36±0.48Dd | 3.41±0.76Dd | 3.54±0.62Dc |
13:00—14:00 | 0.24±0.11Ec | 0.21±0.08Ec | 0.20±0.07Ec | 0.21±0.06Ec | 2.36±0.37Eb | 2.89±0.39Ea | |
17:00—18:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
第2天合计 Total on the second day | 4.25±0.25 | 4.67±0.61 | 3.38±0.47 | 3.57±0.61 | 5.77±0.36 | 6.43±0.56 | |
总合计 Total | 31.72±1.52c | 31.38±1.66c | 34.32±1.85a | 33.63±1.52b | 27.00±1.72d | 26.12±2.28e |
表2
川莓开花期的单朵花花蜜含糖量
时段 Period | 单朵花花蜜含糖量 Nectar sugar mass/mg | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6月 June | 7月 July | 8月 August | 9月 September | 10月 October | 11月 November | ||
第1天 On the first day | 08:00—09:00 | 3.40±0.33Ab | 3.83±0.36Aa | 3.23±0.31Bc | 3.03±0.19Bd | 1.47±0.20Be | 1.12±0.17Bf |
13:00—14:00 | 2.49±0.23Bc | 2.35±0.29Bd | 3.71±0.35Ab | 3.83±0.28Aa | 1.92±0.25Ae | 1.30±0.22Af | |
17:00—18:00 | 1.84±0.25Ca | 1.65±0.18Cb | 1.67±0.19Cb | 1.14±0.20Cc | 0.86±0.11Cd | 0.70±0.13Ce | |
第1天合计 Total on the first day | 7.73±0.26 | 7.83±0.30 | 8.61±0.32 | 8.00±0.23 | 4.25±0.19 | 3.02±0.19 | |
第2天 On the second day | 08:00—09:00 | 0.59±0.08Db | 0.72±0.12Da | 0.45±0.07Dc | 0.41±0.06Dd | 0.42±0.11Dd | 0.39±0.08De |
13:00—14:00 | 0.02±0.01Eb | 0.02±0.01Eb | 0.02±0.01Ec | 0.02±0.01Ec | 0.15±0.03Ea | 0.15±0.02Ea | |
17:00—18:00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
第2天合计 Total on the second day | 0.61±0.05 | 0.74±0.08 | 0.47±0.04 | 0.43±0.05 | 0.57±0.08 | 0.54±0.05 | |
总合计 Total | 8.34±0.45d | 8.57±0.51b | 9.08±0.57a | 8.43±0.38c | 4.83±0.39e | 3.56±0.39f |
表3
川莓泌蜜监测时采样地环境温度与相对空气湿度
时段 Period | 温度 Temperature/℃ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6月 June | 7月 July | 8月 August | 9月 September | 10月 October | 11月 November | ||
第1天 On the first day | 08:00—09:00 | 24.5±0.5ab | 25.8±0.8a | 25.0±0.5ab | 22.8±0.8b | 19.0±3.0c | 11.7±1.5d |
13:00—14:00 | 33.5±0.5a | 35.0±1.0a | 31.0±1.0b | 30.2±0.8b | 25.7±2.1c | 18.0±2.0d | |
17:00—18:00 | 25.8±0.8ab | 27.2±1.0a | 25.2±0.8ab | 23.8±0.8b | 19.3±1.5c | 10.7±2.1d | |
第2天 On the second day | 08:00—09:00 | 23.0±1.0ab | 25.2±1.0a | 23.8±0.8ab | 22.0±1.0b | 18.0±2.0c | 10.3±1.5d |
13:00—14:00 | 33.0±1.0a | 32.0±1.0a | 30.8±0.8ab | 29.2±0.8b | 26.7±2.1c | 17.7±1.5d | |
时段 Period | 湿度 Humidity/% | ||||||
6月 June | 7月 July | 8月 August | 9月 September | 10月 October | 11月 November | ||
第1天 On the first day | 08:00—09:00 | 76.5±1.8d | 69.2±1.3e | 80.8±1.0c | 82.3±1.0c | 85.8±0.7b | 90.5±1.4a |
13:00—14:00 | 65.2±1.3d | 56.2±1.0e | 69.2±0.4c | 70.6±1.2c | 78.6±0.8b | 81.3±1.2a | |
17:00—18:00 | 75.2±1.1e | 68.4±1.4f | 78.4±0.9d | 80.8±0.8c | 84.4±1.2b | 88.5±1.1a | |
第2天 On the second day | 08:00—09:00 | 78.6±0.6d | 74.6±1.4e | 79.2±0.4d | 81.4±1.3c | 89.6±1.1b | 91.9±0.9a |
13:00—14:00 | 68.4±1.2e | 55.9±1.9f | 68.5±0.8d | 71.4±0.9c | 76.6±1.2b | 82.4±1.4a |
表4
不同花发育时期川莓花蜜腺大小
时期 stage | 花蜜腺厚度 Thickness of floral nectary/μm | 花蜜腺长度(纵切) Length of floral nectary (longitudinal cutting)/μm |
---|---|---|
幼蕾期 Young bud stage | 130.98±24.21e | 650.77±114.73b |
花蕾期 Flower bud stage | 555.75±10.70b | 2 545.40±100.66a |
初花期 Initial flowering stage | 653.43±45.24a | 2 563.06±17.57a |
盛花期 Full blooming stage | 290.14±24.54d | 2 613.26±58.72a |
散粉后期 Post anthesis stage | 478.32±54.29c | 2 755.94±219.51a |
表5
不同花发育时期川莓花蜜腺表皮气孔特征
时期 stage | 气孔长度 Length of stomata/μm | 气孔宽度 Width of stomata/μm | 气孔面积 Surface area of stomata/μm2 | 气孔开口面积 Stomatal aperture area/μm2 | 气孔复合体最大直径 Maximum diameter of stomatal complex/μm | 气孔复合体最小直径 Minimum diameter of stomatal complex/μm | 气孔密度 Stomatal density/ (个·mm-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
幼蕾期 Young bud stage | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 |
花蕾期 Flower bud stage | 6.83±1.17a | 4.96±1.34ab | 32.36±11.99a | 3.48±2.98b | 11.19±2.27a | 9.31±2.38ab | 141.00±14.73c |
初花期 Initial flowering stage | 7.86±1.40a | 5.85±0.80a | 37.40±8.86a | 9.19±3.28a | 12.41±2.72a | 10.77±1.97a | 174.33±23.76c |
盛花期 Full blooming stage | 6.80±0.87a | 5.46±0.73ab | 35.78±7.09a | 7.52±3.08a | 10.64±2.02a | 8.14±1.79b | 258.33±19.60b |
散粉后期 Post anthesis stage | 6.70±1.44a | 4.60±0.64b | 26.53±7.04a | 2.19±1.22b | 10.31±2.85a | 8.34±0.92b | 301.67±10.50a |
表6
不同花发育时期川莓花蜜腺解剖结构参数
时期 Stage | 表皮细胞宽度 Width of nectary epidermis cells/μm | 表皮细胞厚度 Thickness of nectary epidermis cells/μm | 薄壁细胞层数 Number of nectary parench- yma layers | 薄壁细胞层厚度 Thickness of nectary parench- yma layer/μm | 薄壁细胞直径 Diameter of nectary parench- yma cells/μm | 下薄壁细胞层数 Number of subnectary paren- chyma layers | 下薄壁细胞层厚度 Thickness of subnectary paren- chyma layer/μm | 下薄壁细胞直径 Diameter of the subnectary paren- chyma cells/μm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
幼蕾期 Young bud stage | 22.60±2.89a | 15.21±3.22c | 6.00±1.00b | 87.83±12.23e | 13.39±3.83c | 11.00±2.19a | 502.00±108.43b | 69.91±21.38ab |
花蕾期 Flower bud stage | 23.82±5.27a | 18.48±0.86ab | 14.67±1.53a | 572.49±20.68b | 37.72±15.34a | 8.60±0.89b | 786.41±110.60a | 50.01±6.83c |
初花期 Initial flowering stage | 28.00±4.00a | 20.88±2.49a | 15.00±1.00a | 629.88±46.59a | 37.52±8.53a | 8.60±0.89b | 438.80±55.35b | 78.61±17.99a |
盛花期 Full blooming stage | 28.77±8.50a | 19.86±3.61ab | 15.00±1.00a | 274.42±22.54d | 25.35±7.44b | 8.67±0.82b | 506.17±98.14b | 58.67±15.99bc |
散粉后期 Post anthesis stage | 28.90±7.27a | 17.35±1.59bc | 14.67±1.53a | 458.48±42.14c | 40.91±11.29a | 8.67±0.82b | 400.73±59.43b | 58.62±22.19bc |
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[9] | 邓彦斌, 刘忠渊, 姜彦成, 王虹. 沙枣花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究[J]. 植物研究, 1998, 18(1): 34-37. |
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